The quaint charm of paper dolls has captivated children and adults alike for centuries. From simple hand-drawn figures to elaborate printed collections, paper dolls have not only provided entertainment but also served as windows into the social, cultural, and fashion trends of their times. The resurgence of interest in these ephemeral pieces has turned them into valuable collectibles, with certain editions fetching high prices among collectors. This article delves into the rich history of paper dolls, tracing their evolution from their earliest forms to their current status as cherished collectibles.
Early Beginnings: Paper Dolls Before the 19th Century
The origins of paper dolls can be traced back to Europe in the late 17th century. Early forms of these dolls appeared in France and England, where they were known as "pantins" or "jumping-jacks." These were jointed figures, often of politicians or celebrities, made from paper or card, and were manipulated with strings to create movement. Pantins were popular during the reign of Louis XV in France, where they were used as satirical figures, often poking fun at the court's aristocracy.
In England, the earliest known paper dolls date back to the 18th century. These dolls, which were more rudimentary compared to their French counterparts, were generally used for educational purposes. Children would cut out figures and dress them in various costumes to learn about different cultures and historical periods. These early paper dolls were typically handmade and one-of-a-kind, making them highly sought after by collectors today.
The 19th Century: The Golden Age of Paper Dolls
The 19th century marked the true beginning of the commercial paper doll industry. In the early 1800s, advancements in printing technology, particularly lithography, made it possible to produce paper dolls on a larger scale. One of the earliest commercial paper dolls was published in London in 1810 by S. & J. Fuller, titled "Little Fanny." This doll was part of a storybook, where the reader could dress Fanny in different outfits as she went through various adventures. The success of "Little Fanny" spurred the production of other similar paper dolls, particularly in England and France.
In the United States, paper dolls began to gain popularity in the mid-19th century. Companies like McLoughlin Brothers and Milton Bradley were among the first to produce American paper dolls, featuring characters from popular stories or depictions of children in fashionable clothing. The dolls were often accompanied by a storybook or a sheet of paper with instructions, adding to their educational value.
The 19th century also saw the emergence of celebrity paper dolls. These dolls depicted famous actresses, such as Lillie Langtry and Sarah Bernhardt, and allowed fans to dress them in the latest fashions. These paper dolls became a way for the public to engage with their favorite celebrities, making them an early form of fan merchandise.
The Early 20th Century: A Cultural Phenomenon
The early 20th century was a period of significant growth and innovation in the paper doll industry. The mass production techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution allowed for the widespread availability of paper dolls, making them a common feature in households across Europe and America.
One of the most notable developments during this period was the introduction of paper dolls in magazines. Publications such as "The Delineator" and "Ladies' Home Journal" regularly featured paper dolls as part of their content, often depicting fashionable women or children in the latest styles. These magazine paper dolls were usually printed on high-quality paper and were often designed by well-known illustrators of the time. The popularity of these paper dolls was such that entire issues would sometimes be devoted to them.
Designed for children, paper dolls reflect the styles and social norms of the time. The inclusion of a variety of outfits and accessories illustrates the period's emphasis on versatility and fashion, even in children's playthings. Such pieces are highly collectible today, particularly if they are well-preserved and retain all their original components.
During World War I, paper dolls also took on a patriotic role. Many dolls were produced to support the war effort, depicting soldiers, nurses, and other figures related to the war. These dolls were often used to teach children about the war and to foster a sense of patriotism.
The Mid-20th Century: A Decline in Popularity
The mid-20th century saw a decline in the popularity of paper dolls, largely due to the rise of other forms of entertainment, such as radio, television, and later, plastic dolls like Barbie. However, paper dolls did not disappear entirely. They continued to be produced, albeit in smaller quantities, and often featured popular film stars, cartoon characters, and fashion models.
Despite the decline, some notable paper doll sets were produced during this period. For example, in the 1940s, the "Katy Keene" paper dolls, based on the comic book character created by Bill Woggon, became immensely popular. These dolls, which allowed fans to design their own outfits for the character, were a hit among young girls and remain highly collectible today.
In the 1950s and 1960s, paper dolls were often included as premiums in cereal boxes or as promotional items for various products. These dolls were usually simpler in design compared to earlier versions but were still popular among children.
The Resurgence of Paper Dolls: 1970s to Present
The 1970s and 1980s saw a resurgence of interest in paper dolls, particularly among collectors. This renewed interest was driven in part by nostalgia, as adults sought to recapture a piece of their childhood, and in part by the realization that many early paper dolls were now rare and valuable.
During this period, several publishers began to reissue classic paper doll sets from the 19th and early 20th centuries. These reproductions, while not as valuable as the originals, allowed new generations to enjoy the charm of paper dolls. Additionally, new paper dolls continued to be produced, often focusing on historical figures, fashion, or pop culture icons.
One significant development in the modern era is the role of artists and independent creators in the paper doll community. Many contemporary artists create limited edition paper dolls, often with a focus on art and fashion. These dolls are often printed on high-quality paper and are prized by collectors for their artistry and uniqueness.
The advent of the internet has also played a significant role in the resurgence of paper dolls. Online communities and forums dedicated to paper dolls have sprung up, allowing collectors to share information, buy and sell dolls, and connect with others who share their passion. Additionally, many vintage paper dolls have been digitized and are available for download, allowing enthusiasts to print and enjoy them without damaging the originals.
The Collectability of Paper Dolls
The collectability of paper dolls is influenced by several factors, including age, condition, rarity, and the completeness of the set. Early paper dolls from the 18th and 19th centuries are among the most valuable, particularly if they are in good condition and include all their original clothing and accessories. These dolls are often sought after by museums and serious collectors.
Condition is a critical factor in determining the value of a paper doll. Because they were often played with by children, many paper dolls have been damaged or lost parts over the years. Dolls that are in pristine condition, particularly those that have never been cut out or played with, are much more valuable.
Rarity also plays a significant role in the value of a paper doll. Some dolls were produced in limited quantities or were only available for a short time, making them rare and highly sought after. For example, early celebrity paper dolls or those produced during wartime are often rare and can fetch high prices.
Completeness is another important factor. A paper doll set that includes all the original clothing, accessories, and any accompanying booklets or packaging is much more valuable than one that is missing parts. Collectors often go to great lengths to find missing pieces to complete a set.
In recent years, some paper dolls have sold for thousands of dollars at auction. For example, a complete set of "Little Fanny" dolls from 1810 can sell for over $5,000, while rare celebrity dolls from the 19th century can also fetch high prices. However, even more common dolls can be valuable, particularly if they are in excellent condition and have historical or cultural significance.
In Summary
Paper dolls have a rich and varied history that spans over three centuries. From their origins as handmade toys to their status as mass-produced cultural artifacts, paper dolls have provided insight into the fashion, social norms, and cultural trends of their times. Today, they are cherished collectibles that continue to captivate both children and adults alike. Whether you are a seasoned collector or simply someone with an interest in history and nostalgia, paper dolls offer a fascinating glimpse into the past and a timeless form of entertainment.
For those interested in starting a collection, the world of paper dolls offers a wide range of possibilities, from early handmade dolls to modern artistic creations. With a bit of research and a keen eye for detail, collectors can find pieces that not only bring joy but also appreciate in value over time. Whether as a hobby or an investment, collecting paper dolls is a rewarding pursuit that connects us with a simpler time, when imagination and creativity were the keys to endless hours of play.